In 1966, she retired from the Naval Reserve, but in 1967 the Navy recalled her to active duty. This led to the COBOL language, which was inspired by her idea of a language being based on English words. In 1959, she participated in the CODASYL consortium, which consulted Hopper to guide them in creating a machine-independent programming language. In 1954, Eckert–Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their department for automatic programming, and she led the release of some of the first compiled languages like FLOW-MATIC. During her wartime service, she co-authored three papers based on her work on the Harvard Mark 1. By 1952, Hopper had finished her program linker (originally called a compiler), which was written for the A-0 System. Her compiler converted English terms into machine code understood by computers. She believed that a programming language based on English was possible. At Eckert–Mauchly she managed the development of one of the first COBOL compilers. In 1949, she joined the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation and was part of the team that developed the UNIVAC I computer. Hopper began her computing career in 1944 when she worked on the Harvard Mark I team led by Howard H. Hopper attempted to enlist in the Navy during World War II but was rejected because she was 34 years old. in mathematics from Yale University and was a professor of mathematics at Vassar College. Prior to joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and the FLOW-MATIC programming language she created using this theory was later extended to create COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first linkers. Grace Brewster Murray Hopper ( née Murray Decem– January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. For the submarine cable, see Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable). For the residential college, see Grace Hopper College.

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